Children and adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) struggle with challenges that affect their ability to succeed at school, work, and home. They also have a higher risk of problems such as depression and anxiety. At Summit Health and Wellness Center, Keenan Smart, MD, works with children and adults with ADHD from throughout Oklahoma, providing medication management and helping them lead a successful life. To schedule an appointment, call the office in Norman, Oklahoma, or use the online booking feature.

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What is ADHD?

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors:

Genetic Factors:

  • ADHD often runs in families, indicating a hereditary component. Specific genes related to neurotransmitter regulation may be involved.

Brain Structure and Function:

  • Differences in brain structure, particularly in areas responsible for attention, impulse control, and executive function, have been observed in individuals with ADHD.

Neurotransmitter Imbalances:

  • Dysregulation of neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine, may affect attention and behavior.

Environmental Factors:

  • Prenatal exposure to substances (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, drugs) or environmental toxins (e.g., lead) can increase risk
  • Early childhood trauma, stress, or chaotic home environments may also.

While the exact causes of ADHD are not fully understood, it is clear that it is a multifaceted disorder resulting from various interacting factors.

Do adults and children have different ADHD symptoms?

Symptoms can manifest differently in adults compared to children.

In Children:

  • Hyperactivity: Often very noticeable; may be unable to sit still, frequently runs or climbs.
  • Impulsivity: Interrupts others, struggles with taking turns, and may act without thinking.
  • Inattention: Difficulty focusing on tasks, following instructions, and completing homework.

In Adults:

  • Inattention: May struggle with organizing tasks, managing time, and meeting deadlines. Often prone to forgetfulness.
  • Impulsivity: May lead to impulsive decisions in finances, relationships, or career choices.
  • Hyperactivity: Often less overt; may manifest as restlessness or difficulty relaxing rather than excessive movement.
  • Emotional Dysregulation: Adults may experience difficulties managing emotions, leading to frustration or mood swings.

While the core symptoms remain consistent, the expression and impact of ADHD can change significantly as individuals age.

How do you treat ADHD?

Treating ADHD typically involves a combination of approaches tailored to the individual’s needs.

Medication (Stimulants and non-stimulants), behavioral therapy, education of symptoms and management, and lifestyle changes are all approaches to manage symptoms associated with ADHD.

An individualized treatment plan, developed with a healthcare provider, is essential for effectively managing ADHD.